Te Tūhuratanga o ngā Whakaaro Hē a te Empirika i roto i te Rangahau Pūtaiao

He pūtaiao taiao te pūtaiao koiora e ahu mai ana i ngā whakamātautau. I roto i te rautau kua taha ake nei, kua whakakitea e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā ture taketake o te ora, pērā i te hanganga takirua o te DNA, ngā tikanga whakahaere ira, ngā mahi pūmua, tae atu ki ngā ara tohu pūtau, mā roto i ngā tikanga whakamātautau. Heoi, nā te mea he nui te whakawhirinaki o ngā pūtaiao koiora ki ngā whakamātautau, he ngāwari hoki te whakatupu i ngā "hapa wheako" i roto i te rangahau - te whakawhirinaki nui, te whakamahi hē rānei i ngā raraunga wheako, me te kore e aro ki te hiahia o te hanganga ariā, ngā herenga tikanga, me te whakaaro pakari. I tēnei rā, me tūhura ngātahi tātou i ētahi hapa wheako noa i roto i te rangahau pūtaiao koiora:

He Pono te Raraunga: Te Māramatanga Tuturu ki ngā Hua Whakamātautau

I roto i te rangahau koiora ngota, he maha ngā wā ka kiia ngā raraunga whakamātautau he 'taunakitanga pakari'. He maha ngā kairangahau e aro ana ki te whakaara tika i ngā hua whakamātautau ki ngā whakatau ariā. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka awehia ngā hua whakamātautau e ngā āhuatanga maha pēnei i ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau, te parakore o te tauira, te aro ki te kimi, me ngā hapa hangarau. Ko te mea tino kitea ko te poke pai i roto i te PCR tauanga fluorescence. Nā te iti o te wāhi me ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau i roto i te nuinga o ngā taiwhanga rangahau, he ngāwari te whakapoke i ngā hua PCR ki te hauropi. He maha ngā wā ka hua ake tēnei i ngā tauira poke he iti ake ngā uara Ct i te āhuatanga tūturu i te wā o te PCR tauanga fluorescence i muri mai. Mena ka whakamahia ngā hua whakamātautau hē mō te tātari me te kore e wehewehe, ka hua ake he whakatau hē. I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i kitea e ngā kaipūtaiao mā roto i ngā whakamātautau he nui ngā pūmua kei roto i te karihi o te pūtau, ko te wāhanga DNA he takitahi, ā, he "iti noa iho ngā ihirangi mōhiohio". Nō reira, he maha ngā tāngata i whakatau "me noho ngā mōhiohio ira i roto i ngā pūmua." He "whakatau whaitake" tēnei i runga i te wheako i taua wā. Nō te tau 1944 rawa i whakahaerehia ai e Oswald Avery he raupapa o ngā whakamātautau tika, ā, i reira ka whakamātauhia e ia mō te wā tuatahi ko te DNA, ehara i te pūmua, te kaikawe tūturu o te tukunga iho. E mōhiotia ana tēnei ko te tīmatanga o te koiora ngota. E tohu ana hoki tēnei ahakoa he pūtaiao taiao te pūtaiao ora e ahu mai ana i ngā whakamātautau, he maha ngā wā ka whakawhāitihia ngā whakamātautau motuhake e te raupapa o ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te hoahoa whakamātautau me ngā tikanga hangarau. Mā te whakawhirinaki anake ki ngā hua whakamātautau me te kore whakatau arorau ka taea te ārahi ngāwari i te rangahau pūtaiao ki te hē.

Whakawhānui: te whakawhānui i ngā raraunga ā-rohe ki ngā tauira whānui

Nā te uaua o ngā āhuatanga ora e whakatau ana ko te hua whakamātautau kotahi he whakaata noa i te āhuatanga i roto i tētahi horopaki motuhake. Engari he maha ngā kairangahau e aro nui ana ki te whakawhanui i ngā āhuatanga i kitea i roto i tētahi raina pūtau, i tētahi tauira rauropi, i tētahi huinga tauira rānei, i ngā whakamātautau rānei ki te tangata katoa, ki tētahi atu momo rānei. Ko tētahi kīwaha e rangona ana i roto i te taiwhanga ko: 'I pai taku mahi i te wā whakamutunga, engari kāore i taea e au te tae atu i tēnei wā.' Koinei te tauira tino noa o te whakaaro ki ngā raraunga ā-rohe hei tauira whānui. I te wā e whakahaerehia ana ngā whakamātautau maha me ngā puranga tauira maha mai i ngā puranga rerekē, ka puta pea tēnei āhuatanga. Tērā pea ka whakaaro ngā kairangahau kua kitea e rātou tētahi "ture whānui", engari ko te mea pono, he mānumanu noa iho o ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau rerekē kua whakatakotoria ki runga i ngā raraunga. He mea tino noa tēnei momo 'pai hangarau hē' i roto i ngā rangahau maramara ira o mua, ā, i nāianei ka puta anō hoki i roto i ngā hangarau tere-whakaputa pērā i te raupapatanga pūtau-kotahi.

Pūrongo whiriwhiri: te whakaatu i ngā raraunga anake e tutuki ana i ngā tumanakohanga

Ko te whakaaturanga raraunga whiriwhiri tētahi o ngā hapa tino kitea engari he morearea hoki i roto i te rangahau koiora ngota. Ka warewarehia, ka whakaitihia rānei e ngā kairangahau ngā raraunga kāore e rite ki ngā whakapae, ā, ka ripoata noa i ngā hua whakamātautau "angitu", ka hangaia he tirohanga rangahau e rite ana ki te arorau engari he rerekē. Koinei anō tētahi o ngā hapa tino kitea e te tangata i roto i ngā mahi rangahau pūtaiao mahi. Ka whakatakotohia e rātou ngā hua e tumanakohia ana i te tīmatanga o te whakamātautau, ā, i muri i te otinga o te whakamātautau, ka arotahi noa rātou ki ngā hua whakamātautau e tutuki ana i ngā tumanakohanga, ā, ka whakakorea tika ngā hua kāore e rite ki ngā tumanakohanga hei "hapa whakamātautau" "hapa whakahaere" rānei. Ka arahi noa tēnei tātari raraunga whiriwhiri ki ngā hua ariā hē. Ko te nuinga o tēnei tukanga ehara i te mea i āta whakaarohia, engari he whanonga huna a ngā kairangahau, engari he maha ngā wā ka arahi ki ngā hua kino ake. I whakapono a Linus Pauling, te toa Nobel, ka taea e te huaora C horopeta nui te rongoā i te mate pukupuku, ā, "i whakamātau" i tēnei tirohanga mā roto i ngā raraunga whakamātautau tōmua. Engari kua whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau haumanu whānui i muri mai he kore pumau ēnei hua, ā, kāore e taea te tārua. Ko ētahi whakamātautau e whakaatu ana ka taea e te huaora C te whakararuraru i te maimoatanga tikanga. Engari tae noa mai ki tēnei rā, he nui tonu ngā pāpāho whaiaro e whakahua ana i ngā raraunga whakamātautau taketake a Nas Bowling hei whakatairanga i te ariā taha-kotahi o te maimoatanga Vc mō te mate pukupuku, he mea tino pā ki te maimoatanga noa o ngā tūroro mate pukupuku.

Te hoki ki te wairua o te whakapono ki ngā mea o mua, me te hipa atu i tēnā

Ko te mauri o te pūtaiao koiora he pūtaiao taiao e ahu mai ana i ngā whakamātautau. Me whakamahi ngā whakamātautau hei taputapu mō te manatoko ariā, kaua hei pūtake arorau hei whakakapi i te whakatau ariā. Ko te putanga mai o ngā hapa ā-wheako i te nuinga o te wā ka puta mai i te whakapono matapo o ngā kairangahau ki ngā raraunga whakamātautau me te koretake o te whakaaroaro ki ngā whakaaro ariā me ngā tikanga.
Ko te whakamātautau anake te paearu hei aromatawai i te pono o tētahi ariā, engari kāore e taea te whakakapi i te whakaaro ariā. Ko te ahunga whakamua o te rangahau pūtaiao ehara i te mea ko te kohikohi raraunga anake, engari ko te aratohu whaitake me te arorau mārama. I roto i te mara e tere whanake ana o te koiora ngota, mā te whakapai tonu i te pakari o te hoahoa whakamātautau, te tātari pūnaha, me te whakaaroaro arohaehae ka taea e tātou te karo i te taka ki roto i te mahanga o te whakaaro nui, me te neke ki te māramatanga pūtaiao pono.